The composition of the human body is considered a useful diagnostic tool in many medical specialties. The recognition of changes in nutrition and hydration of patients is useful in nephrology and in particular in chronic kidney disease where malnutrition and over hydration are conditions that affect the prognosis of these patients. Furthermore, the use of ‘traditional’ diagnostic tests based on clinical examination and biochemical tests often lead to inaccurate results [1,2].

Anemia is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and increases with the progression of renal dysfunction [1]. The main cause of anemia is the inadequate production of erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein mainly produced by the kidney responsible for the growth of erythroid cells in the bone marrow [2]. Iron deficiency is another common cause of anemia in these patients and is a major cause of hyporesponsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) [3]. Approximately, 50% of patients with CKD, who have anemia and are not receiving ESA or iron supplementation show depleted iron stores in their bone marrow [4]. Although the use of intravenous iron in hemodialysis patients has significantly increased during the last decade [5], the appropriate iron dosing strategy in CKD remains debatable.

Vitamin D presents interesting pleiotropic effects for the CKD patient (effect and anti-inflammatory properties). Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have impaired endothelial function and the Vitamin D and its analogs may play a role in regulation of endothelial function and inflammation. Therefore, it is increasingly observed that CKD is characterized by a state of chronic inflammation that appears to be linked to oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and vascular calcification. Previous studies have shown that vitamin D administration in chronic renal failure patients produces therapeutic effects suggesting an inverse relationship between the presence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH) D] and inflammatory biomarkers. It is emphasized so the importance of proper maintenance of the vitamin D status, since it plays an important role in the management of inflammation and immunity, contributing to the reduction of morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. In addition there is cumulative evidence showing the low level of vitamin D associations with the development and progression of chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular complications and high mortality.

We report two cases of acute kidney failure (ARF) as the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis. Two patients were sent from their primary care physicians with hypercalcemia and progressive increase of serum creatinine. The renal biopsy revealed granulomatous interstitial nephritis (GIN). Both patients were started on Methylprednisolone pulse therapy, followed by administration of oral prednisolone and by a slow taper thereafter to a maintenance dose. The renal function has improved immediately in response to this therapy. Our cases demostrates thet GIN due to sarcoidosis, although a rare entity, can cause severe ARF and progressive ESRD. With early detection and appropriate therapy, the majority of patients will maintain adequate renal function. Therefore the diagnosis of renal sarcoidosis must be done quickly to prevent renal.

Diabetes mellitus [DM] is the commonest endocrine disorder encountered in the clinical practice. It in fact, comprises of multiple disorders that manifest in the form of hyperglycemia. It is a multisystem disorder with pathophysiologic changes occurring in almost all the major systems and organs of the human body resulting in serious physical and mental disturbances and also posing tremendous burden on the health care resources of the country. The common sites of involvement include cardiovascular system, nervous system (central and peripheral), eyes, gastrointestinal system, genitourinary system, nasal and paranasal sinus region, hepatopancreatobiliary system, etc. Radiological manifestations are directly proportional to the duration and severity of involvement of the various systems. Various imaging (diagnostic and invasive) techniques can be used to detect the various manifestations as well as subsequent complications occurring during the course of disease. The following imaging techniques can be utilized for the purpose of evaluating the patients of DM:

Introduction: Nephron sparing surgery is an effective treatment for RCC. Oncological outcome is equivalent to radical nephrectomy, with the added functional advantage. It is underutilized, especially in tumours in anatomically challenging positions like central and hilar positions.